#: locale=en
## Action
### URL
PopupWebFrameBehaviour_F9226B19_E2CC_DAFE_41CD_6FABAADAD1DC.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/yBRyPhcLVK8?si=TTCFegnV-YUnrBTt
## Hotspot
### Text
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C1F63F5B_CE37_9764_41DA_AE3918380FAC.text = "My name is Lillie Mulligan, and I'm the Senior Ocean Conservation Coordinator at WildCoast. \
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WildCoast is an international team that conserves coastal and marine ecosystems, and addresses climate change through natural solutions. \
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And part of that work in on marine protected areas in San Diego."
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8479F079_96C9_0511_41C7_0888FA84C0CA.text = *Not an accurate mapping of La Jolla Canyon. For reference only.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A5FFFFF8_B128_E52C_41D4_F0E77D940B34.text = 1. Protect Biodiversity
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A34868C8_8CE8_EF7A_41DC_8989D47A02F3.text = 1. Sea Urchin \
Overgrazing
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_46F84224_53C5_FCC3_41B3_852926AB67E6.text = 1. Seaweed Herbariums
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5D5A623E_4F69_9427_41CB_97CC442F1FA2.text = 1. Why Are Abalone Important?
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4579B5C0_53CD_0743_41CE_0B77BDFC439C.text = 2. One Species or Many?
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A4C74134_B117_FD24_41E4_DE82F2FEE7A3.text = 2. Restore Targeted Species
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BC31B185_8C29_21EA_418E_CD29BAF63D1A.text = 2. Urchin Barrens
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5DFF183D_4F6B_9425_41C7_50CF38BDB1DF.text = 2. What Happened to Abalone?
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5D5827D6_4F6A_9C67_41C5_2CCC155CD675.text = 3. Abalone at La Jolla Cove
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_41D4E5A2_53CD_07C7_415F_5203F564940F.text = 3. Importance of Feather Boa Kelp
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A7E58BEA_B128_AD2C_41CF_AF77F9E194AA.text = 3. Protect Canyon and Abalone Habitat
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B98653F8_8C2B_211A_41E0_5A9F2C6F9403.text = 3. Protecting Sea Urchin \
Predators
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5ED3D35D_4F79_9465_41CC_6325A16F0D97.text = 4. Abalone Conservation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A4A8BD52_B128_657C_41E3_D1E2E63750BC.text = 4. Protect Cultural Heritage
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_96E517B6_BEBF_A912_41DB_C892742D2AAE.text = ALGAE \
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The Marine Room is home to sprawling gardens of algae, also known as seaweed. \
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Algae are not plants, but they're photosynthetic and harness energy from sunlight. As a byproduct, they produce oxygen. Most of the world's oxygen (about 60%) is produced by algae! \
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Click on the species to learn more about seaweeds.
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4025FBC8_722B_B951_41BB_42F3139557FB.text = BOFFFs
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5C38BC42_53DD_0547_41D3_ED52E9E05183.text = Blades
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52C6FE44_72EB_9B51_419B_469AB29C866E.text = CASA COVE
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_94BB64C2_BF49_6F72_41A5_045A433BD6AB.text = Cabezon
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6A9AD5FE_48BC_4568_41CA_3A1010E89EED.text = California Spiny Lobster
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8ABAE93E_9BA7_973F_41D4_BEEA780A4811.text = Click and Drag to turn the camera.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_87206C01_9BDA_8CC5_41C7_769FB6C5E323.text = Click anywhere on the screen to PAUSE / PLAY the video. \
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You can fast-forward or rewind by dragging the playhead at the bottom of the screen. This may be difficult on mobile devices. \
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There's a lot going on underwater... don't hesitate to replay things and watch the scenery from different perspectives.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_88926F1F_9BDB_8CFD_41CF_6044A58E295F.text = Click here!
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8AE6E8D6_9BAF_954F_41D3_527606EE0E77.text = Click the ARROW at the bottom right to skip tutorial.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_78FDD1A9_5622_8AE9_41CD_16C89CB0440F.text = Click to Learn More
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9401F568_BF59_693E_41E3_73A29B0B3FA2.text = Corallina
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_86A2AB25_937E_EECF_41E0_20035E65C870.text = Current Depth: 10 ft.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_28B96E10_38D9_4574_4197_897E39507CAD.text = Current Depth: 12 ft.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6D8FCE2E_72E8_FAD1_41D8_25EFF01559B9.text = Current Depth: 12 ft.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_55BF76E6_4B55_C798_41A6_AB56CA51ED7C.text = Current Depth: 15 ft.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4858DC21_53C7_04C5_41C9_56DCCEF989E5.text = Current Depth: 20 ft.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_CC10846A_9057_A141_41A7_053C158C7A6A.text = Current Depth: 22 ft.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_597733FB_48F5_DD68_41BA_251FD5284B78.text = Current Depth: 25 ft.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8084E754_9264_47EF_41E1_1AF26B676E6F.text = Current Depth: 60 ft.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5EC19040_73E8_8751_41CF_3E35B18013C0.text = Current Depth: 7ft.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5FB1CDE2_4F6A_EC5F_41AD_3AF9F4FFAD7D.text = ENDANGERED ABALONE \
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This is an abalone shell. \
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Even in this thriving marine protected area, you will probably find more empty abalone shells than living specimens. \
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_92D579CD_BF5A_9976_41BF_D9C63C28FCB5.text = Eel Grass
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8E7EE227_96C7_0531_41C0_7FA68E969BC0.text = Exit
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A5FCB801_994B_04F1_41DC_F01C60F6B6C2.text = Exit
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5D6BC360_4F6F_945B_41C5_B3B533295BF6.text = Exit
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7FA36D33_5C4D_04C5_41A5_A6E83B3BC420.text = Eyes on the kelp!
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_43A1F7A8_53C5_03C3_41C8_4D73C773E878.text = FEATHER BOA KELP \
with Dr. Adi Khen \
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[ Smith Seaweed Ecology Lab, Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UCSD ]
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_75FAF283_53C7_3DC5_41D4_2B82C8CE810D.text = FEATHER BOA KELP FOREST
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9AFC9590_8BEB_61EA_41CF_6244FC6388B0.text = FEATHER BOA KELP FOREST
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5823F570_48FC_C578_41A3_7744AADA1D2A.text = GIANT KELP FOREST
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9BDDB9AC_8BE9_613A_41D3_9010191CEC1B.text = GIANT KELP FOREST
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_67349345_48F4_3E98_41C8_BC7C2066088F.text = Garibaldi
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_69111F2D_48BD_C6E8_4183_6E0B9797CFAD.text = Horn Shark
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6872B4C0_7229_8F51_41B0_251596B45782.text = Horn Shark Egg
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DBE19656_CE14_A96F_41A9_FFFC2A239D85.text = How You Can Help \
Protect Our MPAs
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8B8ED301_9BA6_B4C5_4149_1618404E86E3.text = INSTRUCTIONS
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8F885ABE_96CF_0513_41AE_896A31D6C3CC.text = Image Courtesy: Jim Royer
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B3CFD3B9_9779_0B11_4177_92A5393ACC2A.text = Is Matlahuayl Big Enough?
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_693AB328_48B4_7EE8_41D0_5875194BE3D2.text = Kelp Bass
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_42EA2782_722B_89D1_41D7_DAC35F191B1B.text = LA JOLLA CANYON
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_83B61D3B_9264_4B99_41DF_7165C61BE7F3.text = LA JOLLA CANYON
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8BC4708C_96C6_E016_41C9_2FE8C34C390B.text = LA JOLLA CANYON HEAD
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9B6F1040_8BD7_7F6A_41AD_2E56F5F13EFB.text = LA JOLLA COVE
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_376479ED_38DE_CEAC_41CA_3DA766107BB8.text = LA JOLLA COVE
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A99FE7D5_926C_C6E9_41E2_3407A8B50334.text = LA JOLLA SHORES
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_46868C03_7228_7ED7_41B5_65A87D40CCEE.text = LEOPARD SHARK CITY
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5E1E8FEC_73EB_9951_41DA_33A0CDE39BA3.text = LEOPARD SHARK CITY
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_824829EF_96DF_0731_41B0_15B520327AE6.text = La Jolla Canyon bends wave energy to the north and south. \
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This creates a zone that is protected from powerful surf; it's more calm in this spot. \
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Because it's not getting mixed and cooled by strong wave action, the water here will heat up quickly.
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_57F7F0D9_72F8_8773_41D9_70E30E804723.text = La Jolla Cove \
(No-Take Reserve)
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_573C9352_4466_F6A6_41B9_6EF918F28274.text = La Jolla Cove is flowing with meadows of seagrass, which offer shelter for many big and small creatures.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B794ABCB_96C3_E012_4194_460C334877F7.text = La Jolla Leopard Sharks
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7F8D5000_5C43_3CC3_41C4_5FB32E1C2AA0.text = Look Here!
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5822C4FA_73F8_8F31_41C8_2DA5DF50D4BA.text = Look here!
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_43029519_7229_8EF3_41A3_04055DB9D54E.text = MARINE ROOM
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_86A60431_9379_BAC7_41DF_831135ABB37F.text = MARINE ROOM
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6C515B5B_7D46_EC0E_41C7_84409A437CAD.text = MATLAHUAYL
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A4E691C3_B12B_DD5C_41B1_518EA93D0174.text = MPA OBJECTIVES
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DA1B449A_CE14_A9E7_41B4_F60506190317.text = Our Community's Role
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_D977EC08_CB3D_984A_41D4_5A2CF6DC1E61.text = Our Marine Protected Area
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7B19F41C_5CC5_04C3_41CB_8CBA955CD76F.text = Our marine life is adapted to hang tough in cold, turbulent water.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9584C34D_BF4B_E976_41E3_33BAEB3B2D60.text = Plocamium
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_41531308_53C3_1CC3_41BB_91F78BB038AC.text = Pneumatocyst \
(Gas Bladder)
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DBAD156C_CB3C_88CA_41BA_0CF8B1EAC137.text = Protecting
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6A7E3A4A_4B4F_CEA8_41CD_9B4091F74D3F.text = ROCKY REEF \
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This bouldery terrain, covered in algae and seagrass, is a rocky reef. \
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It's a key marine habitat in California. \
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Click on the different species to learn more about this habitat.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5572F248_48B4_3EA8_41C3_908BFD33790A.text = Red Algae
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DFB73A30_CE0F_7923_41A8_6D053A6AD0BB.text = Reporting Poachers
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8E9207EB_96FB_0B31_41E0_F6320CA8037A.text = Research by Dr. Andy Nosal found that 97% of the leopard sharks here are pregnant females. \
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It's believed they're drawn to this spot for the warmer water. \
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Leopard sharks have pregnancies that last between 10-12 months. The warmer water speeds up the pregnancy by weeks to months. \
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Be respectful of these animals when you're in the water with them. Remember, they're carrying baby sharks!
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_42CD6C60_722F_9F51_4174_F9BB6DC39BD4.text = SAND DOLLAR BANK
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_CD3C5D96_9057_63C1_4185_4865B61F596B.text = SAND DOLLAR BANK
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_54DE76D6_4B54_47B8_41C7_AEFDAAF4E19D.text = SEA CAVES
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9BAB7F55_8BE9_216A_41CA_D4AD48D35510.text = SEA CAVES
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_941EE28D_BF49_6BF6_41DC_2437BB22AA8C.text = Sargassum
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_D1B7CC7B_99D9_3D11_41D7_14B10FE973ED.text = Size
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_966A9186_BF4F_69F2_41E2_5A1D666EC8AF.text = Southern Sea Palm
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_D2198182_99DB_07F3_41E0_1CE35847B070.text = Spacing
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_D117DEDF_99D9_3D11_41D2_159BB57BA39E.text = Spillover
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6F6C6D6F_7D46_E406_41D3_D1B6C3AAF0C7.text = State Marine Reserve
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_921B6CAF_BF5B_FF32_41E2_B5FC8E8E7052.text = Stephanocystis
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_421FCF8C_53C5_03C3_41D4_BD3372231E8D.text = Stipe
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8FBE636E_902F_A741_41CF_ECB8DA97EDA1.text = Swim Back
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A030D597_BB9B_51CF_41D7_E43671E13CCD.text = Swim to \
La Jolla Cove
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C3E99AF2_E2C4_7B32_41CF_D3DC691ADF90.text = The deep ocean is full of vital nutrients that support marine life. \
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Submarine canyons provide a pathway for these nutrients to reach shallow coastal habitats. \
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Tides that are coming from the deep ocean are pressure-blasted through La Jolla Canyon, uplifting a high volume of nutrients in enormous pulses. This fuels the growth of microscopic organisms and the food web. \
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Researchers from Scripps Institution of Oceanography were able to track and visualize the turbulence flow. Check out the video!
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5B177C84_4EF5_4B54_41D2_008C17B4F5B9.text = There's a colorful critter hanging out here. \
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Take a few moments to see if you can find it.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_92700586_B4EA_308F_41E4_4CF2CD6753BD.text = This is Casa Cove, a site that's popular for both hook-and-line and spearfishing. \
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When you dip underwater, you'll see that the habitat is very similar to La Jolla Cove. \
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But notice the difference in how many fishes you see.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C91156F1_E33C_2B4E_41E1_64D4DDC453E0.text = Underwater canyons also allow coastal nutrients (dead algae and dead animals) to sink down to the depths, providing food for animals that live in the deep ocean – especially bacteria. \
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When bacteria break down those dead organisms, they create many of the nutrients that are re-delivered to the shallow habitats!
FlatHotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8AB92AFA_964D_A1F2_41D0_366CFE0C41B2.text = Warm Water Zone / Shark \
Aggregation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_D36F17D0_CB0C_97DA_41E2_D2F74312F902.text = We need your help!
HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B3E70DE1_9779_1F31_41CA_00FC159FA388.text = Zone of Decreasing Abundance
## Media
### 360 Video
### Audio
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### Audio Subtitles
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### Popup Image
### Title
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photo_5586688D_4FD7_94E4_41C0_D753823B6E9E.label = Abalone Shell
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album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_0.label = Anemone
media_54B5A48F_7229_8FEF_41D8_6406DA0A18ED.label = BOFFF
media_5BABAFE9_7229_B952_41D3_18C60FF4A922.label = BOFFF Shark Pups
photo_CB3DC70F_907D_A0DF_41D6_47805CD604D8.label = BOFFFs
photo_BB6167FD_92EC_C699_41AA_1C7013885EE2.label = Baby GSB
video_5538A8CE_44F1_8DA7_41BB_E064B1D56B31.label = Baby Garibaldi
video_B08A15D2_9264_7AEB_41CB_D3DF06457D6D.label = Baby Sheephead
photo_FBEAFC3B_5622_79E9_4150_AD80B2C3EEDA.label = Baddiez
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_1.label = Blackeye Goby
photo_A083F511_90EE_A0C3_41DB_89E61905368D.label = Blacksmith - Jim Royer
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album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A.label = Canyon Critters
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_3.label = Canyon Critters
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media_6CFFAB56_72DB_B971_41B2_2E203B2BC6D0.label = Casa Cove 2
media_6C280D2C_72DB_9ED1_41B3_4AC43E2102CA.label = Casa Cove 3
media_96BA93C3_9BB9_7B45_41DE_007DFA745B0E.label = Clam Cave
panorama_839049A1_9BE6_97C4_41E3_533E3D50DA09.label = Clam Cave Pano
photo_AC8ADA45_91D6_A143_4190_DE360EADC594.label = Cold water
photo_9E358AB1_BF8E_28DC_41BC_20D74CE34DA3.label = Corallina
photo_D15ADABF_91DF_613F_41D6_E376B60D9CDD.label = Cormorant
panorama_B5350E75_923C_C9A9_41E0_6FAB38012F81.label = Dark Pano
photo_AC17BDA4_91DF_A3C1_41BC_0486F4F2C1D3.label = Dead Seabirds
photo_A0EF2C21_923C_49A9_41D9_61EAE40B8139.label = Detrital Mats
photo_A35AA3C0_BFF6_38BC_41CF_6722CCBCAF2E.label = Dictyota
photo_99B5CFC7_BF8E_2844_41D1_09EB1ACAFD3C.label = Eel Grass 1
photo_9A1C0C9E_BF8F_E8C4_41CA_E2E4B26BA0A4.label = Eel Grass 2
panorama_418CED8D_4F59_ACE5_41C2_EF65B33897ED.label = Endangered Abalone
photo_4500672B_53CF_04C5_4199_738C23C79D2A.label = Feather Boa Beach
photo_461C8400_53C3_04C3_41C0_08AD2F515FDC.label = Feather Boa Diversity
media_4436FBAC_53DD_03C3_419E_069DFE4B6612.label = Feather Boa East
media_4559F775_53DD_034D_41CB_A5E1E7DF66BB.label = Feather Boa Ground
media_45571029_53DD_1CC5_41C5_94EEAEF0BD59.label = Feather Boa Ground Start
panorama_5F2C9CE7_53C3_054D_41CA_618C3AC7C78A.label = Feather Boa Info Pano
media_4558DEEC_53DD_0543_41C4_947583357D83.label = Feather Boa Main
media_455AF462_53DF_0547_41D2_495058F313F9.label = Feather Boa Start Shortened
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panorama_7C6C72D0_71D8_8B71_41CB_0B9166AD68A4.label = Fishing the Line
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media_AC4934E3_922C_5AA9_41DA_550ABC73ED40.label = Marine Room Swim
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photo_A9BB2B68_BF92_284C_41D1_4D5098BFD698.label = Palm Kelp 2
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photo_A243ED85_BFF2_28C4_41E0_BDE3404FCE45.label = Plocamium 2
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video_A492CAFD_9264_CE99_41D9_34A88A092A7C.label = Prickly Shark
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_9.label = Purple Gorgonian
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_10.label = Red Gorgonian
photo_AF0D0756_8DD6_D8E4_41B3_735E15EBB587.label = Red algae reef
photo_B6C7F981_9747_07F1_41D5_0B0349A8389A.label = Rookery 2
panorama_F1486840_9053_A141_41C9_F7E3C16660B6.label = Sand Dollar Bank Ground Pano
panorama_C815344D_9053_E143_41DE_5C6E57ECFB31.label = Sand Dollar Bank Main Pano
media_421AAE49_7238_BB53_41DB_51ACEB245A63.label = Sand Dollar Bank Swim
photo_F1A12396_903F_67C1_41DE_6AE8F82D735D.label = Sand dollar
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_11.label = Sarcastic Fringehead
photo_A769DD45_BF96_2844_41E7_7190DD8011D7.label = Sargassum
photo_DB90A88D_91D7_61C3_41C6_E99DEA15186D.label = Sargo
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_12.label = Scorpionfish
photo_59B4C5DF_4FA9_BC65_41B9_ED6ED9C6A4A0.label = Screenshot 2026-07-06 at 12.08.11 PM
photo_BC587DD9_92EC_4A99_41A2_C31F6D39D74C.label = Screenshot 2026-07-23 at 10.24.39 PM
photo_AA7AFEE7_96CF_3D31_41B7_26557EC0C339.label = Screenshot 2026-07-24 at 11.22.55 PM
media_5571B344_4FEB_945B_41D3_988C9F87A9DC.label = Sea Caves - Abalone
media_699D457D_7279_8933_41DA_22E56146C6EF.label = Sea Caves - Swim 2.0
panorama_AF5748BB_B4AA_F085_41CB_4CC3FF430433.label = Sea Caves Map Pano
panorama_54C3F5CD_4BD4_45A8_41C7_F3E929B1D616.label = Sea Caves Reef Pano
video_87ED8E4E_9647_E012_41DC_7D1FA1BB4539.label = Sea Turtle
panorama_9B737DE7_8C39_6136_41B5_43EEDA9DC92B.label = Sea Urchin Overgrazing
photo_5F0ADEA3_48D4_4798_4184_5BB43DADF9C7.label = SeaUrchinsCrevice
photo_4035AB12_53CF_0CC7_41D3_05B91F902821.label = Seaweed Herbarium
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_13.label = Sheep Crab
photo_BD29767C_8C29_231A_41AA_870A0663F8D1.label = Sheephead
photo_823435D9_9642_603E_41E1_397DBEF7F2C4.label = Sheephead
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_14.label = Spanish Shawl
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_15.label = Squid
video_ABC4645C_926C_599F_41E0_838DB11FFE02.label = Squid Run
photo_9B631FF3_BF92_685C_41E3_4363EBC3D71F.label = Stephanocystis
photo_A3C5724E_922C_39FB_41E0_F6F69E15D242.label = Stingrays
photo_ACFB4BA0_BEC9_992E_41DF_7A24B98A7EBC.label = Target species over black
photo_A4D9DB10_8C39_22EA_41D2_FC05D91AFBF5.label = Top Shark - Jim Royer
photo_85B98363_B46E_3185_41E1_5159E1740950.label = Topsmelt
photo_5F05726F_48D4_7F68_41CF_F7F88A651C15.label = UrchinBarren
photo_BC841A7E_8CDB_2316_41B6_9D7CC00D1869.label = UrchinCluster
photo_5F132D16_48D4_4AB8_41C7_E714F85D8713.label = UrchinCluster
photo_BC5FDF19_8CD9_211A_41D8_5F9E63A3ECCE.label = Urchincrevice2
photo_CBEBE7A9_D3B8_1D71_41B8_8E9CD3FB4F72.label = Volunteer
album_8A66C6F6_927C_46AB_41BE_897D28BB150A_16.label = Wolf Eel
photo_9F39B1C4_8BF7_216A_4155_A4AA9DDC5BB6.label = Zebra Perch 1
photo_9265424C_8DB3_38E4_41BC_3FE6F50BF575.label = juvenilekelpbass
photo_BCBFB0C0_922C_3AE7_41D6_557B26023851.label = octopus
### Video
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htmlText_BFD3917B_90EF_6347_41D9_2F6088C5299C.html = A blacksmith with a school of señorita.
Image Courtesy: Jim Royer
Blacksmith
(Chromis punctipinnis)
Importance:
- Blacksmith are not often targeted by anglers or spearfishers, but they’re a good indicator species.
- Blacksmith mostly forage for zooplankton at the middle and top of the water column. They’re highly vulnerable when they’re swimming up there, above the shelter of the reef. So, they depend on tall, thick kelp forests to provide cover while they’re hunting. High abundances of blacksmith are typically a sign that kelp habitats are healthy.
- By feeding on zooplankton, blacksmith play an important role in moving energy from the open ocean to the reefs. [Explore La Jolla Canyon to learn more about zooplankton and the vertical migration.]
- Blacksmith are a major food source for sea birds, seals and sea lions, sharks, and larger fishes.
- Blacksmith allow señorita (Oxyjulis californica) to clean them (eating parasites and dead skin), which feeds the señorita and keeps the blacksmith in good hygiene.
- Fish poop has important nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) that fertilize algae.
A live abalone at the La Jolla sea caves.
Courtesy: Corinne Pickering
Abalone are a type of sea snail once abundant in California.
They're famous for being a seafood delicacy, but abalone are deeply important for kelp forest ecosystems. They're kelp forest architects.
Kelp reproduces by creating spores that settle on hard, rocky surfaces. Abalone eat the other types of algae that cover those surfaces, clearing up space for kelp spores to settle. So, abalone play a vital role in maintaining healthy kelp forests.
Furthermore, abalone compete with sea urchins for the same food source: drift kelp that falls down to the bottom of the reef.
With abalone diminished, sea urchins have one less competitor and their populations are able to grow more significantly.
[Visit the Giant Kelp Forest to learn more about the impact of sea urchin overgrazing.]
Abalone at the Point Loma kelp forest.
Image Courtesy: Matt Wilbur
To reproduce, abalone need to be close together when spawning occurs, about 3 to 16 feet from one another.
Because there's so few of them left, and because they're small and slow-moving organisms that cannot easily travel across the reef, successful reproduction in the ocean is unlikely to occur on regular intervals.
It will be challenging to bring this species back from the brink, even in marine protected areas.
However, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has ongoing programs to study and facilitate abalone reproduction. NOAA researchers are working on breeding abalone in labs, and then reintroducing them into the wild.
These conservation programs are dependent on federal funding for NOAA and scientific research.
Pictured Below: Abalone breeding tank at NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla.
An urchin barren.
Image Credit: Snorre Roberg (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Urchins prefer to hide inside boulders and crevices, but when kelp becomes scarce they will venture out of the safety of these hiding places to look for food.
If there's no predators around to keep the urchins at bay, the urchins take over the reef and consume the last remaining seaweeds.
These urchin barrens prevent kelp forests from recovering.
Without predators, the urchins sit on the reef and wait for food to become available. They enter a state similar to hibernation and can live for years without food.
When algae and young kelp begins to grow back, they're immediately devoured by the urchins.
Image Courtesy: Adam Pierce
This is a nudibranch, a colorful sea slug that feeds on sponges, anemones, soft corals, and sometimes fish eggs.
Nudibranchs come in a dazzling variety of shapes and colors. Dozens of species have been found in Matlahuayl.
Eaten by crabs, sea stars, and some types of fish, nudibranchs move energy from the primary producers (seaweeds) to higher levels of the food web.
Image Courtesy: Charlotte Seid
If you've ever gotten stung by a stingray, then you know that sandy bottoms are anything but lifeless.
Case in point: the Sand Dollar Bank at La Jolla Shores.
Thousands of sand dollars burrow in the sand, feeding on algae that drifts down from the reefs, and also zooplankton that rise from the depths of the canyon.
Image Courtesy: Jim Royer
The tope shark (Galeorhinus galeus) lives in cooler, temperate waters, like those of California.
Tope sharks are commonly spotted swimming in small schools, which is why they're sometimes called, "school sharks."
They're a highly migratory species that travels hundreds of miles up and down the coast every year.
However, research has found that some female tope sharks use this area as a birthing ground, and return every few years to give birth to pups – as many as 50 baby sharks in a litter!
Image Courtesy: Jim Royer
The tope shark lives in cooler, temperate waters, like those of California.
Tope sharks are commonly spotted swimming in small groups, which is why they're also called "school sharks."
They're a highly migratory species that travel hundreds of miles up and down the coast every year.
However, research has found that some female tope sharks use this area as a birthing ground, and return every few years to give birth to pups – as many as 50 baby sharks in a litter!
Image Courtesy: Matt Wilbur
The sand flats at La Jolla Shores are a nursery zone for juvenile giant sea bass.
Divers often spot them in about 20 feet of water, foraging across the sand, and taking cover in dead algae (detritus).
Look for adult specimens at the Giant Kelp Forest!
Image Credit: Graça Gaspar (CC BY-SA 3.0)
The species that you see here is Sargassum muticum, also known as Japanese wireweed.
San Diego has native Sargassum species, but Sargassum muticum is invasive. Unfortunately, you can spot many of them when you're exploring the Marine Room.
Invasive seaweeds can smother marine habitats and outcompete native species, which can throw the ecosystem out of balance. Controlling these outbreaks is a chief concern of conservation groups and local governments.
Image Credit: Jim Royer
Giant sea bass (also called black sea bass) are a magnificent sighting.
These enormous fish can reach almost 7 feet long and weigh over 500 pounds.
They're considered "gentle giants" by scuba divers, but giant sea bass are actually powerful predators that feed on kelp bass, spiny lobsters, octopuses, schooling fish, and other larger animals.
Sadly, giant sea bass are critically endangered due to decades of overfishing.
It's unclear how much this animal benefits from the marine protected areas in La Jolla.
Giant sea bass may stick to one area for a few years at a time, but they can forage over long distances and typically migrate during the spawning season.
Research has found that some individuals spend most of their time within the shelter of La Jolla's MPAs, but others frequently live outside of MPAs where they're more vulnerable.
Because they're critically endangered, it's illegal to hunt giant sea bass anywhere in California, but outside of a no-take reserve they're at higher risk of getting accidentally caught by fishers.
Regardless, the strong food web in Matlahuayl provides a steady food source for these spectacular animals that are fighting to evade extinction. And La Jolla Shores is a nursery habitat for juveniles.
Image Credit: Zoefricker (CC BY-SA 4.0)
These are California yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis).
Yellowtail are open-ocean (pelagic) fish that migrate long distances between Southern California and Baja California.
However, they often hunt in habitats closer to shore. They'll visit rocky reefs and sandy areas to look for bait fish, squid, and crabs.
Marine protected areas don't do much for this species; yellowtail travel well outside the range of a single MPA.
However, the stable food supply in Matlahuayl makes this a popular foraging ground for pelagic fishes that are passing through.
Images showing abalone fishing in La Jolla.
Credit: San Diego History Center
Abalone are critically endangered and face extinction in California.
Overfished for decades, abalone populations crashed in the 1990s, prompting a statewide ban on abalone fishing that continues to this day.
According to oral tradition, San Diego dive groups in the 1960s would remove "wheelburrows" of abalone from La Jolla Cove and La Jolla Shores.
The first MPA created here – the San Diego-La Jolla Underwater Park – was partly designed to protect abalone populations that were quickly diminishing in the area.
Lobsters that were poached from South La Jolla State Marine Reserve.
Courtesy: CDFW
"MPAs work when people play by the rules. Most people are doing the right thing and following the rulles. But those who aren't need to be held accountable.
California Department of Fish and Wildlife is typically responsible for enforcing the regulations at marine protected areas. They have wardens that go out and patrol these areas. They can write citations or give out warnings for people who are first-time offenders.
But enforcement is stronger when there's community buy-in. When people understand that MPAs work and take pride in that, and want to help with enforcement.
At Matlahuayl, you see community groups standing together. 'Hey everyone, let's do the right thing. Let's be good ocean stewards.' And it's working.
As someone who was born and raised in San Diego, I'm proud of the fact people are protecting this ecosystem for generations to come, versus taking and taking and never giving back."
Mating squid.
Image Courtesy: Charlotte Seid
Once or twice per year, thousands of market squid gather at the upper reaches of the canyon in a stunning mating ritual.
Male squid use their tentacles to grip the females and transfer a capsule of sperm. Afterward, females lay thousands of egg packets on the sandy slopes of the canyon.
All the squids die after mating, leaving a buffet dead squid for many hungry animals.
In the 1950s and 60s, fishing vessels cast nets into the canyon and dragged them along the sand to scoop up market squid, a practice known as bottom trawling.
Bottom trawling had an enormously destructive impact on the sensitive canyon walls.
The San Diego-La Jolla Underwater Park (the first marine protected area in La Jolla) was established in part to protect the canyon from bottom trawling and keep the walls habitable for marine life.
Video Courtesy: Candice Poarch
Pictured Above: A juvenile sheephead trying to find cover.
The canyon walls are important nursery ground for larval and juvenile fishes, especially sheephead and vermillion rockfish.
Surveys of the canyon (using autonomous underwater vehicles) have found very few juvenile fishes in the deeper parts of the canyon.
The canyon head – which is shallow enough for divers to explore – is the primary nursery zone. Thankfully, this zone is protected within the no-take reserve.
Fun Fact: The deepest part of the canyon protected by Matlahuayl is 330 feet – the canyon bottoms out around 1,600 feet.
Pictured Below: A juvenile vermillion rockfish in the canyon.
Image Courtesy: Matt Wilbur
San Diego County MPAs.
Source: California Department of Fish and Wildlife
In 2012, California established a network of 124 marine protected areas spanning the entire coastline. It's the first of its kind anywhere in the world.
What makes the network so innovative is that the MPAs were designed to be spaced out roughly 30 to 60 miles apart from each other. The goal was to facilitate larval spillover.
Fish larvae are born inside an MPA, but they're carried away by ocean currents. They'll keep drifting along the coast until they settle within a neighboring MPA, or they settle in an unprotected habitat and seed it with marine life.
California's MPA network works like a biodiversity conveyor belt. Animal populations grow within MPAs, but they're shared with other parts of the ocean.
Matlahuayl is connected with 10 other MPAs in San Diego County, and it also shares an important kelp connection with Swami's and Laguna Beach.
More research is needed to better understand the spillover relationships between the MPAs, but it's nice to know that little Matlahuayl is not working alone in its mission to protect and restore the ocean.
Video Courtesy: Jim Royer
In the daytime, the prickly shark (Echinorhinus cookei) lives in the deeper reaches of the canyon, between 300 - 600 feet deep.
But at night it takes part in the vertical migration and has been spotted foraging in the upper shelves of the canyon.
Video Courtesy: Paul Mercurio
The leopard shark aggregation at Marine Room is quite famous now, drawing thousands of snorkelers, kayakers, paddle boarders, and divers each year.
Pictured Below: Dr. Andy Nosal studied the La Jolla leopard sharks at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Much of what we know about this aggregation comes from his research.
California Sheephead
Bodianus pulcher
Importance:
- With big teeth and powerful jaws, the sheephead feeds on hard-shell invertebrates, such as clams, oysters, crabs, lobsters, and sea urchins.
- Sheephead are vital for kelp forests because they eat sea urchins and play a crucial role in preventing sea urchins from overgrazing kelp forests. [Explore the Giant Kelp Forest to learn more about sea urchin overgrazing.]
- When sheephead crack open the shells of invertebrates, the broken shells release calcium carbonate. It’s an important mineral for the ocean that makes it easier for shelled animals to create exoskeletons. The broken shells also form surfaces for algae to grow on.
- Sheephead are a food source for larger predators, like giant sea bass, tope sharks, and sea lions.
- Fish poop has important nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) that fertilize algae.
- In Southern California, sheephead are larger and more numerous in no-take reserves.
Halfmoon
Medialuna californiensis
Importance:
- First observed here in San Diego, the halfmoon is an omnivorous fish that eats algae and small invertebrates. Notice that these halfmoon are fleeing from a foraging sea lion.
- Halfmoon (and also opaleye) are important for kelp forest ecosystems because they voraciously graze on kelp. That’s not necessarily a bad thing.
- Giant kelp is a brutal competitor. Forming canopies over the surface of the water, giant kelp blocks sunlight from reaching the bottom of the kelp forest, starving out other species of algae and giving giant kelp a competitive advantage.
- When halfmoon and opaleye graze on the kelp, they restore some light to the kelp understory, which allows other algal species to grow and enriches biodiversity.
- Halfmoon are an important food source. Large predators (i.e. sea birds, sea lions, tope sharks) feed on halfmoon, keeping their populations in check and preventing them from overgrazing the kelp.
- Fish poop has important nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) that fertilize algae.
Sargo
Anisotremus davidsonii
Importance:
- Sargo feed on benthic prey (animals that live on the seabed).
- When they're hunting crabs, mussels, shrimps, and other bottom-dwelling animals, they disturb the sediment – where important nutrients and minerals are buried – and those nutrients are stirred up into the water column. Some of the nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus, are consumed by algae and marine bacteria.
- By feeding on small animals, Sargo move energy up the food web to larger predators.
- Sargo are a food source for sharks, seals and sea lions, and larger fish.
- Fish poop has important nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) that fertilize algae.
Zebra perch
(Kyphosus azureus)
Importance:
- Zebra perch are a food source for larger fishes (i.e. kelp bass and tope sharks), sea birds, seals, and sea lions.
- Zebra perch are herbivorous; they feed on algae.
- Algae is the foundation of the food web. By consuming algae, zebra perch quickly move energy from these primary producers to the upper levels of the food web.
- Zeba perch mostly eat red algae. By grazing on red algae, they play a small role in preventing it from overtaking reefs, and clear up space for other types of algae to grow (such as kelp).
- Juvenile zeba perch are cleaner fish; they eat parasites and dead skin off other fishes. It plays a small role in keeping local fish populations healthy.
- Fish poop has important nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) that fertilize algae.
Image Courtesy: Jim Royer
Kelp Bass (Calico Bass)
Paralabrax clathratus
Importance:
- Kelp bass feed on smaller fishes (especially bait fish) and invertebrates (crabs, shrimps, and mollusks).
- Kelp bass are dynamic hunters; they can hide in the kelp to ambush prey, forage across the reef, or hunt in schools with other kelp bass. Because they’re so efficient at hunting, they play an important role in controlling the populations of their prey and keeping those animals from consuming too many resources in the ecosystem.
- Kelp bass are a food source for giant sea bass, tope and leopard sharks, seals and sea lions, and sea birds.
- Fish poop has important nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) that fertilize algae.
- No-take reserves in Southern California typically have larger kelp bass with much higher abundances.
Healthy kelp forests have high levels of biodiversity. Because the kelp rises vertically in the water, it creates an enormous habitat that stretches from the seabed to the surface. There's so much real estate for creatures to live, shelter, and feed.
Species occupy all levels of the kelp forest; some species prefer the canopy, others prefer the understory, and others somewhere in the middle.
Here you can see a Norris' top snail (often called a "kelp snail") munching on a blade of giant kelp.
Kelp is eaten by a wide variety of marine snails.
In turn, the snails are eaten by fishes – which is important, because the kelp could be overgrazed if there's too many mollusks.
Like other types of seaweed (algae), giant kelp is photosynthetic.
The gas bladders (pneumatocysts) lift the kelp toward the surface to absorb energy from the sunlight.
However, giant kelp is still dependent on cool water for survival. Warmer temperatures can basically dissolve the kelp or weaken its grip on the reef.
"Report violations that you see.
You can use the CalTIP service, which allows you to call or text when you see someone violating MPA rules. You can report anonymously. There's also an app.
Even if authorities can't make it out there right away, it's important that you send those reports. It gives us data to show that violations are happening, and can help us secure more funding for enforcement."
"First, you should walk the walk. Don't take things from a no-take reserve. I like to fish and spearfish, but I do those things outside of an MPA where I know it's legal.
Second, you can get involved with MPA Watch. This program is locally managed by WildCoast. We enlist volunteers, interns, and community members to conduct surveys on how people use our MPAs."
"I think more people should pay attention to feather boa kelp because it’s not just interesting to look at, but also ecologically important, not to mention a major component of our local kelp forests in Southern California!
"It creates habitat: providing shelter for invertebrates, a refuge for fish, and surfaces for other organisms to grow.
"It’s a primary producer: converting sunlight and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy to support coastal food webs.
"And these services may become even more critical in a warming ocean; as we’re seeing declines in the cover of giant kelp, perhaps more thermally-tolerant species like the feather boa kelp can help fill this gap. There’s still so much left to learn about Egregia – and just as much to appreciate."
"My name is Dr. Adi Khen and I’m a postdoctoral scholar in the Smith Seaweed Ecology Lab at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. I study how local seaweed communities are changing through time, and I manage our herbarium collection of thousands of pressed specimens.
"Herbaria can capture a moment in time: a seaweed’s size and shape, its color and texture, its branching pattern, and other distinguishing characteristics. These specimens are easy to preserve (just dried on paper) and they can last for centuries, providing a physical record of biodiversity.
"One of the species I’ve focused on is the feather boa kelp, Egregia menziesii. For a species as unique as Egregia, a single specimen can only tell part of the story. Egregia’s range extends along the Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. Here in San Diego, Egregia can grow either attached to rocks in the low intertidal, or in the shallow subtidal, forming dense underwater canopies alongside the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. While giant kelp may be more familiar to the average person, in my opinion the feather boa kelp is just as iconic in its own way.
"Its name comes from its appearance, or morphology. It has a long, flattened central strap, called a rachis, with lateral blades and air bladders coming off the sides, resembling a feather boa."
"One of its most remarkable features is how variable it can look depending on where it’s growing, which scientists have observed since the late 1800s.
"In Egregia from up north (with colder water and higher wave action), the rachis is bumpy and the blades are smaller.
"In Egregia from down south (with warmer, calmer, less nutrient-rich water), the rachis is smooth and the blades can have a diversity of shapes, from broad to jagged or branched and needle-like. These northern and southern forms were once thought to represent at least two separate species.
But in the early 2000s, genetic sequencing of Egregia from along the coast revealed that they all belong to just one species. So then, the differences in their morphology are more tied to their environment rather than genetics… and factors such as seawater temperature, nutrients, and wave energy can shape how they develop.
"We explored this variability using digitized herbarium pressings of Egregia from over the past 200 years – putting each specimen in the context of long-term environmental data, to find patterns in how Egregia looks depending on when and where it was growing."
Eel grass (Zostera marina) is not algae – it's a true plant species that just happens to live underwater.
Unlike surfgrass, which grows on rocky surfaces, eel grass is rooted in the sand.
Eel grass provides shelter for young animals, but it's also important because it sequesters carbon dioxide. It removes carbon dioxide (which is heating up our planet) from the atmosphere and uses the carbon dioxide to build tissue and grow.
That tissue is stored underneath the sand as roots. Even when the eel grass dies, the roots will remain underground and provide long-term carbon storage. That's why protecting and restoring our eel grass habitats is one thing we can do to fight climate change.
You might notice that the blades have a little floatation. Under the microscope, you can spot "cellular trenches" that allow oxygen to flow through the cells and provide buoyancy.
Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) are a bit more plump than their sea lion cousins, and they're far more introverted.
Every year, a few dozen harbor seals gather at the Children's Pool (a nearby beach) to give birth and nurse pups.
The seals often swim over to Matlahuayl to look for food and enjoy a few moments of solitude.
Keep an eye out for them as you're exploring the reefs at Goldfish Point.
Southern sea palm (Eisenia arborea) is also called "palm kelp" and "pom-pom kelp."
Kelp (Laminariales) is a type of brown algae.
Larger kelp species have gas bladders (pneumatocysts) that lift the kelp toward the surface to absorb sunlight.
Sea palm does not. This is an understory kelp species that stays closer to the seabed. It provides food and shelter for a variety of smaller critters, like crabs and marine snails.
Pictured Below: It's often called pom-pom kelp for the distinctive branching.
Stephanocystis is a brown algae that has a distinctive branching pattern, becoming more thin and complex toward the tips of the blades.
There's a few different species in San Diego. Like Corallina, they can be difficult to tell apart unless you examine them up close.
Animals can make a quick escape from predators by hiding in the seagrass. A horn shark demonstrates.
Between spring and summer, winds pull cold, nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean to the coastal kelp forests. It's called upwelling.
The cold water – rich with nutrients, like nitrate – makes the giant kelp flourish. You can see the kelp here is much more full-bodied, with larger and more numerous blades.
All those nutrients (and the long summer days with ample sunlight) fuel enormous blooms of tiny, planktonic organisms that cloud the water. That's why the visibility is so much poorer.
However, you can see that the giant kelp is much happier in this nutrient-rich water that's cool and well-mixed.
Be on the lookout for larger predators that come to forage in the lush kelp forest...
Biodiversity simply means there are lots of different species.
Ecosystems need biodiversity to be healthy and stable. Every species plays some kind of role in the food web. Biodiversity ensures that all roles in the food web will be filled.
If one species declines (from something like disease or a poor spawning season), its role can be taken over by another species, and the ecosystem will not collapse. You’ll learn more about this as you explore the different habitats in this no-take reserve.
According to data from iNaturalist, these waters are among the most biodiverse in the United States.
This tiny area is packed with a rich assortment of habitats: rocky reefs, seagrass beds, kelp forests, tidepools, sandy bottoms, and a deep underwater canyon. All these habitats support different types of animals and marine communities.
As you’ll discover, these habitats are very different from one another but they’re deeply intertwined.
To protect one, we need to protect all. A no-take reserve is a great conservation tool for a place like this.
Dead tissue (detritus) from algae and animals drifts down to the canyon from the reefs and kelp forests above.
The dead algae becomes a second-hand reef, forming extensive mats along the canyon head where small invertebrates and juvenile fishes can hide.
You can see that a sheep crab is feeding on the dead algae.
Every night, trillions of tiny organisms – copepods, krill, and many other types of zooplankton – rise from the abyss.
These zooplankton live in the darkness of the deep ocean to evade predators. But they come to the surface at night to feed on phytoplankton.
Phytoplankton are photosynthetic organisms that can turn sunlight into energy – just like seaweed! But they're too small to see with the naked eye.
However, you can clearly see the zooplankton swirling around the dive torch, attracted by the light.
As the zooplankton make their nightly migration to shallow water, they're followed by a slew of predators – a traveling food web.
This is called the Diel Vertical Migration, and it's the largest animal migration on Earth.
Fish populations get smaller as you move toward the edge of a marine protected area. In places with high fishing pressure (such as La Jolla), this "zone of decreasing abundance" can stretch nearly a half-mile into the reserve.
Matlahual is a small reserve, at just over 1 square mile. So, as much as 50% of its habitat could be failing to reach carrying capacity – the maximum number of animals a habitat can support. In other words, because the reserve is so small, it could be failing to create as many fish as what the habitats are actually capable of producing and sustaining.
When California redesigned its marine protected areas in the 2000s, scientists recommended that no-take reserves be at least 2 square miles, but preferably between 4 to 39 square miles.
Matlahuayl (along with many of the no-take reserves in Southern California) is significantly undersized.
One study published by researchers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography found that Matlahuayl (at the time, San Diego-La Jolla Ecological Reserve) had suffered significant biodiversity loss despite 30 years of protection. They concluded that the reserve was too small to be self-sustaining. It could protect some resident species, but do little to restore neighboring ecosystems outside the MPA.
The productive habitats on the southwestern edge – giant kelp forest, rocky reefs, and seagrass beds – are probably getting squeezed by the western boundary. They're so close to the edge that they're probably losing too many animals to spillover. These habitats don't have enough breathing room to create the highest-possible number of animals.
Ultimately, it's up to our communities to decide how to balance conservation with the interests of local fishermen. Striking that balance is an ongoing challenge for communities and policymakers.
But Matlahuayl is a good case study: if we want to make our MPAs most effective, then we need to make sure the most productive habitats are located further from the boundaries so they're not as impacted by fishing pressure.
In Southern California, sea urchins are eaten by spiny lobsters and sheephead.
Both species are actively fished by commercial and recreational fishers.
Thankfully, our no-take reserves safeguard our lobster and sheephead populations and provide a space where their populations can recover.
When the kelp thins out, spiny lobsters and sheephead feast on sea urchins, which prevents the formation of urchin barrens and allows kelp forests to recover more quickly and successfully.
Marine protected areas will not protect kelp from warm water, but in Southern California they can help kelp return after a die-off.
Juvenile Garibaldi have electric blue scales, which they gradually lose as they get older. You can see one here.
The reef is full of hiding places for young animals that are vulnerable to predators.
Juvenile fishes (like this young kelp bass) can shelter in the rocky reef to evade predators.
Kelp forests are sometimes threatened by sea urchins.
Urchins are not inherently bad. They're a vital food source for many species and they make important ecological contributions. We need them in our marine ecosystems.
Urchins typically hide in crevices and eat the dead algae (detritus) that drifts down to the bottom.
During a marine heat wave, kelp may die off and become scarce. When the kelp disappears, the hungry urchins venture out of their hiding places to search for food.
Pictured Below: Urchins hiding away in the reef, waiting to munch on falling kelp.
La Jolla Cove is a rookery for California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Sea lions gather here to mate, give birth, and care for newborn pups.
The California mainland has few sea lion rookeries; visiting the one at La Jolla Cove is a special experience.
The bluffs at La Jolla Cove are excellent for hauling-out – when sea lions leave the water to rest and socialize.
But the sea lions are probably here for the food.
The no-take reserve provides a stable and diverse food supply for these hungry animals.
In Southern California, large sea lion populations are an indicator of a healthy ecosystem.
Keep a respectful distance when you're visting the rookery (no selfies with sea lions!). Getting too close to the animals causes unneeded stress that impacts the developmental health of the pups.
Furthermore, harassing marine mammals is a federal crime, and local authorities are stepping up enforcement.
Look here and watch the Garibaldi pick at the red algae on the reef.
Garibaldi are excellent landscapers. Males trim patches of red algae to create manicured nests where females can deposit eggs.
Once the eggs are deposited on the nest, the males will fertilize them and aggressively defend the nests from intruders. Garibaldi are famously territorial!
Garibaldi are also known as "keepers of the kelp." In kelp forests, they often pick up sea urchins that are feeding on the red algae and drop the urchins on the outskirts of the reef. They don't eat sea urchins, like sheephead do, but this behavior is useful in keeping sea urchins from overgrazing kelp habitats. You can learn more about urchins when you visit the Giant Kelp Forest.
Many Californians wish for a warmer ocean, but here's something important to remember:
All the beautiful organisms that live here depend on cold, turbulent water conditions.
Our marine communities are adapted for cold water. A long-lasting temperature increase by just a few degrees would spell death for many species.
We need turbulence, too.
Water turbulence (strong wave action and currents) is like oceanic air conditioning that keeps our water from getting too hot. It's not great for swimming or diving, but on this side of the Pacific we need a moody ocean to maintain healthy marine ecosystems.
Explore the feather boa kelp forest and discover how kelp – and some other charismatic species – thrive in our cooler temperate water.
Many species, like these round stingrays, hunt for small crabs, mollusks, and juveniles fishes that are hiding in the detrital mat.
Much smaller organisms are feeding, too.
Bacteria consume the dead organic matter. In doing so, they create a variety of nutrients – like nitrogen and phosphorus – as a byproduct.
These nutrients are absorbed by algae and phytoplankton – bringing the food web around full circle.
Matlahuayl protects two very important habitats:
- The walls of La Jolla Canyon are nursery habitat for juvenile fishes. The canyon walls are muddy and easily destroyed; they were once severely impacted by bottom trawling. Now the canyon is protected within the no-take reserve.
- The reefs at the sea caves support critically endangered populations of abalone. Overfished for decades, the protected reefs at Matlahuayl offer a glimmer of hope for their recovery.
No-take reserves are good at protecting biodiversity, but they also enhance biodiversity. How so?
Mainly by restoring medium and large-sized fishes to the food web. These fish are often targeted by fishermen, which is why they're called targeted species.
Specifically, we're restoring larger animals that have small home ranges. In other words, they don't travel very far and will likely stay within the reserve and avoid getting caught.
Targeted species make up only a small percentage of the marine life found in La Jolla, but they play such important roles in the food web that we can boost the entire ecosystem by restoring their numbers.
Bringing back these fish is like building a super highway across the food web; more food can be delivered to more species at a faster pace.
You’ll see a few of these targeted species as you explore the no-take reserve. When you see the Green Circle, click on it to learn more about the targeted species in front of you and what role it plays in the ecosystem.
No-take reserves are great at making BOFFFs.
Big, old, fertile female fish.
As female fishes get older and larger, their ovaries get larger and they're able to produce more eggs.
No-take reserves protect female fishes long enough for them to grow substantially and produce more offspring.
That's why no-take reserves can have so many more fishes: BOFFFs are the force multipliers of marine communities.
Many fishes that live in Matlahuayl are considered BOFFF species: Garibaldi, kelp bass, sheephead, and many species of rockfish.
Also the leopard shark.
As leopard sharks get older and larger, they can give birth to more pups in a single litter – as many as 30 baby sharks!
There's a leopard shark lurking around this patch of kelp... stick around and see if it comes by to investigate you.
No-take reserves create more fish and bigger fish.
Naturally, some of these fish will swim out of the reserve and get caught by fishermen. This is called migratory spillover. You can often spot fishing vessels waiting just outside the reserve, hunting fish that cross the boundary ("fishing the line").
Research has found that fish populations become smaller as you approach the edge of a reserve, which is evidence that spillover happens – and that marine protected areas can benefit fisheries.
Rocky reefs have three types of algae: green algae, brown algae, and red algae.
Goldfish Point is dominated by many species of red algae (Rhodophyta).
The rock formations at Goldfish Point create all sorts of shadows that make it challenging for algae to acquire sunlight for photosynthesis.
But red algae have special pigments that capture sunlight even in darker environments. That's why you'll see red algae thriving in shady crevices like this one.
You can learn more about algae when you visit the Marine Room.
The Brandt's cormorant (Urile penicillatus) is one of our local sea birds. An excellent freediver, the cormorant can dive as deep as 150 feet to hunt for fishes.
Every spring, the comorants build nests along the bluffs of La Jolla Cove. It's a wonderful time to visit and see cormorant hatchlings.
In early 2026, cormorants and other sea birds were severely impacted by warmer water temperatures.
Cormorants typically prey on schools of bait fish, like sardines and anchovies. Warm water temperatures drove bait fish to cooler, deeper waters, out of the range of sea birds.
This caused mass starvation among our sea bird populations, with unusually high numbers of dead birds littering the coast of California, from San Diego to Monterey.
It calls attention to the danger of rising ocean (and planetary) temperatures.
Pictured Below: A dead cormorant and pelican at La Jolla Cove.
The California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) hides from predators in the nooks and crannies of the reef.
They're a tremendously important species in Southern California. Visit the Giant Kelp Forest to learn how spiny lobsters safeguard our marine ecosystems.
The Garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus) is the California State Marine Fish. It's illegal to catch them inside or outside of MPAs.
This area is known as Goldfish Point for the spectacular number of Garibaldi that reside here.
The horn shark (Heterodontus francisci) is named for the two spines (horns) that potrude out of its dorsal fins.
Horn sharks are nocturnal predators that are most active at night. In the daytime, they rest in hiding places around the reef.
But not during spring, when dozens of horn sharks gather at La Jolla Cove for mating. During this time you can spot horn sharks actively foraging the reef and engaging in mating rituals, even in the daytime.
As you explore the rocky reefs at Goldfish Point, keep a lookout for the horn sharks that have come for mating season.
The topsmelt silverside (Atherinops affinis) has a shiny, silvery body. From below, the fish blends in with the gleaming surface of the water, making it difficult for predators to target.
A small “bait fish” that swims in dense schools, the topsmelt is an important food source for sea birds and larger fishes.
During spawning season, the topsmelt lay their eggs on marine plants (like the seagrass at Marine Room and La Jolla Cove).
The Marine Room is home to a small population of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). Researchers have identified at least 5 individuals that reside here most of the year. The turtles feed on the red algae that's so abundant here.
The La Jolla sea turtles are linked with hatching sites in Baja California, Mexico.
In the 1990s and early 2000s, Mexico established community-led programs to protect sea turtle hatching sites. We can see the results here in Southern California. Since 2014, there's been a noticeable population increase in our own waters.
Conservation successes in other parts of the world can be felt in our own backyards; quite a wonderful thing.
The Scripps MAS MBC Class of 2026 – also known as the Benthic Baddies.
An enthusiastic tribe of humans dedicated to protecting the ocean.
Thank you for supporting me and for a year of unforgettable memories.
Friends forever. <3
Zach
The light-red algae that you'll see in La Jolla is often Corallina.
Corallina looks very soft, but it actually produces hard, calcium carbonate along the cellular walls. This adaptation allows Corallina to withstand strong wave action and defend against predators.
There's a few different species of Corallina that live here, and it's very difficult to tell them apart unless you put them under the microscope. It can be quite challenging to identify algae!
The lush, dark-red algae that you see in La Jolla is Plocamium pacificum.
Examine Plocamium up close and you can see the lacy, intricate branching pattern; red algae often have the most spectacular appearances.
Plocamium is a vital food source for all sorts of animals in this marine reserve.
The migrating zooplankton are a major food source for octopuses, squid, shrimp, crabs, and juvenile fishes.
Which are eaten by sea lions, horn sharks, leopard sharks, and large fishes.
So, the bigger animals that live in La Jolla are dependent on tiny organisms, like zooplankton and the microscopic phytoplankton.
The canyon – a direct pathway to the deep ocean – fosters the vertical migration and bolsters the food web of the entire area.
The name “Matlahuayl” honors the Kumeyaay, the original inhabitants of La Jolla. The Kumeyaay have a deep historical and spiritual connection with this land and sea, and the reserve protects underwater archaeological sites and relics.
Matlahuayl also recognizes this area’s importance for our modern community. Swimmers, divers, and surfers have enjoyed La Jolla’s vibrant marine life for decades, and many of the charismatic species found here are so valued by the community that protecting them has become a self-evident objective of the MPA.
The reefs at the sea caves are a refuge for surviving abalone populations, notably the green abalone. Protecting them is a primary objective of Matlahuayl State Marine Reserve.
You might be able to find abalone when you're snorkeling or diving the caves. Just remember that it's illegal to remove them anywhere in California, inside or outside of MPAs. And you should report poachers.
It's also illegal to remove dead abalone shells from the MPA. Lifeguards will enforce this rule.
This is Dictyota flabellata, a gorgeous species of brown algae that gives off a bluish, iridescent glow in the sunlight. They're plentiful at the Marine Room.
This is a horn shark egg.
Female horn sharks can lay up to 24 eggs during the breeding season. They typically lay the eggs in pairs, about every two weeks.
The spiral egg case allows the mother to wedge the egg into crevices and keep it hidden from predators. (The egg pictured here is a discarded shell, already hatched. Typically you won't find the eggs lying out in the open like this.)
The egg also camouflages against the reef because it shares the same color as kelp and other types of brown algae.
Welcome to Matlahuayl State Marine Reserve!
This is a marine protected area (MPA).
MPAs have different types of rules and regulations. This one is a no-take reserve, which means that all fishing and collecting (seaweeds, seashells, rocks, artifacts) is prohibited within the reserve.
This virtual dive allows you to dip underwater and discover the stunning habitats protected here.
Look out for Info Bubbles that will give you more information about the marine life that you see in front of you.
When you're ready to start exploring, click on the WHITE ARROW at the bottom right corner of your screen to open the Surface Map.
Anytime you go underwater, you can return to the Surface Map by clicking this arrow.
Before you leave, look up toward the surface and click on the magnifiying glass to see what's up there.
Whenever you're swimming or diving in the ocean, you should be careful to avoid touching or striking the habitats on the seabed.
Obviously, we broke this rule in order to place the camera down.
However, our team of scientific divers took great care to avoid crushing or scraping the substrate. When possible, we placed the camera in sand or on top of red algae – which is very tough.
In the image above, you can see the interlocking "pit connections" that bind red algae cells together, creating extra durability.
That being said, it's always best to avoid touching anything when you're exploring the ocean.
You can see that the water visibility is fantastic... but the giant kelp looks a bit skinny.
In just a moment, you'll see what much healthier kelp looks like.